Frequency of Vitamins and Nutritional Supplements Use among Iraqi People in Baghdad City
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.54133/ajms.v4i.104Keywords:
Dietary supplements, Vitamins, Essential elements, Iraqi people, Consumption patternAbstract
Background: Dietary supplements are used to provide the body with nutrients necessary for the regulation of metabolic processes, to increase the nutritional value of a typical diet, and to enhance or maintain health. Aim: To assess the use frequency and demographics of dietary supplements consumers in Baghdad, Iraq. Method: From July to September 2022, a cross-sectional study was conducted by distributing a self-administered survey to consumers attending community pharmacies in the Baghdad metropolitan area. About 150 participants took part in this investigation. Results: The study revealed that the majority of participants were female, constituting 58% of the total, while male subjects constituted 42% of the total. 16% of the subjects were taking multivitamins, with vitamin D3 being the most popular supplement (22.7%). Only 40% of all respondents relied on their physician's advice when using dietary supplements. 73.3% of them did not conduct any laboratory tests before or after ingesting these supplements. Conclusion: Significant numbers of users used calcium and vitamin D3 without obtaining lab results or being monitored by a physician; instead, they consulted the internet for information.
Downloads
References
Ohlhorst SD, Russell R, Bier D, Klurfeld DM, Li Z, Mein JR, et al. Nutrition research to affect food and a healthy life span. J Nutr. 2013; 143: 1349–54. doi: 10.3945/jn.113.180638. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3945/jn.113.180638
Hathcock J. Dietary supplements: How they are used and regulated. J Nutr. 2001;131(3):1114S-1117S. doi: 10.1093/jn/131.3.1114S. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/131.3.1114S
Bailey RL. Current regulatory guidelines and resources to support research of dietary supplements in the United States. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2020;60(2):298-309. doi: 10.1080/10408398.2018.1524364. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10408398.2018.1524364
Maughan RJ, Burke LM, Dvorak J, Larson-Meyer DE, Peeling P, Phillips SM, et al. IOC consensus statement: Dietary supplements and the high-performance athlete. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. 2018;28(2):104-125. doi: 10.1123/ijsnem.2018-0020. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.2018-0020
Szot M, Karpęcka-Gałka E, Dróżdż R, Frączek B. Can nutrients and dietary supplements potentially improve cognitive performance also in Esports? Healthcare. 2022;10(2):186. doi:10.3390/healthcare10020186. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare10020186
Naqvi AA, Ahmad R, Zehra F, Yousuf R, Kachela B, Nadir MN. Dietary supplement use among students of pharmacy colleges in the city of Karachi, Pakistan: Prevalence, opinions, and attitudes. J Diet Suppl. 2019;16:166-178. doi: 10.1080/19390211.2018.1443191. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/19390211.2018.1443191
Godala M, Sewerynek E, Gaszyńska E. Vitamin D status in Polish women with endocrine and osteoporotic disorders in relation to diet, supplement use and exposure to ultraviolet radiation. Adv Clin Exp Med. 2022;31(1):25-32. doi: 10.17219/acem/141604. DOI: https://doi.org/10.17219/acem/141604
Wierzejska RE. Dietary supplements-for whom? The current state of knowledge about the health effects of selected supplement use. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021;18(17):8897. doi: 10.3390/ijerph18178897. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18178897
Chen F, Du M, Blumberg JB, Ho Chui KK, Ruan M, Rogers G, et al. Association among dietary supplement use, nutrient intake, and mortality among U.S. adults: A cohort study. Ann Intern Med. 2019;170(9):604-613. doi: 10.7326/M18-2478. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7326/M18-2478
Bailey RL, Pac SG, Fulgoni VL, Reidy KC, Catalano PM. Estimation of total usual dietary intakes of pregnant women in the United States. JAMA Netw Open. 2019;2(6):e195967. doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2019.5967. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2019.5967
Pilegaard K, Uldall ASM, Ravn-Haren G. Intake of food supplements, caffeine, green tea and protein products among young Danish men training in commercial gyms for increasing muscle mass. Foods. 2022 Dec;11(24):4003. doi: 10.3390/foods11244003. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/foods11244003
Soukiasian PD, Kyrana Z, Gerothanasi K, Kiranas E, Kokokiris LE. Prevalence, determinants, and consumer stance towards dietary supplements according to sex in a large greek sample: A cross-sectional study. Nutrients. 2022;14(23):5131. doi: 10.3390/nu14235131. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14235131
Moore J, McClain A, Hong, Mee Y. Dietary supplement use in the United States: Prevalence, trends, pros, and cons. Nutr Today. 2020;55(4):174-181. doi: 10.1097/NT.0000000000000402. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/NT.0000000000000402
Dwyer JT, Coates PM, Smith MJ. Dietary supplements: Regulatory challenges and research resources. Nutrients. 2018;10(1):41. doi: 10.3390/nu10010041. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10010041
Alfawaz H, Khan N, Alfaifi A, Shahrani FM, Al Tameem HM, Al Otaibi SF, et al. Prevalence of dietary supplement use and associated factors among female college students in Saudi Arabia. BMC Women's Health. 2017;17:116. doi: 10.1186/s12905-017-0475-y. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12905-017-0475-y
Alhashem AM, Alghamdi RA, Alamri RS, Alzhrani WS, Alrakaf MS, Alzaid NA, et al. Prevalence, patterns, and attitude regarding dietary supplement use in Saudi Arabia: Data from 2019. PLoS One. 2022;17(9):e0274412. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0274412. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0274412
Lordan R. Dietary supplements and nutraceuticals market growth during the coronavirus pandemic - Implications for consumers and regulatory oversight. PharmaNutrition. 2021;18:100282. doi: 10.1016/j.phanu.2021.100282. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phanu.2021.100282
Abdulla NM, Aziz F, Blair I, Grivna M, Adam B, Loney T. Prevalence of, and factors associated with health supplement use in Dubai, United Arab Emirates: a population-based cross-sectional study. BMC Complement Altern Med. 2019;19(1):172. doi: 10.1186/s12906-019-2593-6. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12906-019-2593-6
Burnett AJ, Livingstone KM, Woods JL, McNaughton SA. Dietary supplement use among Australian adults: Findings from the 2011-2012 National Nutrition and Physical Activity Survey. Nutrients. 2017;9(11):1248. doi: 10.3390/nu9111248. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/nu9111248
Sousa AG, Costa THMD. Diet and supplement assessment in a Brazilian urban population. Rev Saude Publica. 2021;55:26. doi: 10.11606/s1518-8787.2021055002356. DOI: https://doi.org/10.11606/s1518-8787.2021055002356
AlTamimi JZ. Awareness of the consumption of dietary supplements among students in a University in Saudi Arabia. J Nutr Metab. 2019;2019:4641768. doi:10.1155/2019/4641768. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/4641768
Al-Johani WM, Al-Dawood KM, Abdel Wahab MM, Yousef HA. Consumption of vitamin and mineral supplements and its correlates among medical students in Eastern Province, Saudi Arabia. J Family Community Med. 2018;25(3):169-174. doi: 10.4103/jfcm.JFCM_156_17.
Jairoun AA, Al-Hemyari SS, Shahwan M, El-Dahiyatd F, Gacemc SA, Jairounc M, et al. What are the beliefs and behaviors related to sport nutrition supplements, particularly regarding UAE regulatory issues, among male fitness centre members in Dubai? Clin Epidemiol Glob Health. 2020;8(3):934-938. doi: 10.1016/j.cegh.2020.02.027. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cegh.2020.02.027
Darnton-Hill I. Public health aspects in the prevention and control of vitamin deficiencies. Curr Dev Nutr. 2019;3(9):nzz075. doi: 10.1093/cdn/nzz075. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/cdn/nzz075
Marshall NE, Abrams B, Barbour LA, Catalano P, Christian P, Friedman JE, et al. The importance of nutrition in pregnancy and lactation: lifelong consequences. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2022;226(5):607-632. doi: 10.1016/j.ajog.2021.12.035. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajog.2021.12.035
Zaki NM, Rasidi MN, Awaluddin SM, Hiong TG, Ismail H, Nor NM. Prevalence and characteristic of dietary supplement users in Malaysia: data from the Malaysian Adult Nutrition Survey (MANS) 2014. Glob J Health Sci. 2018;10(12):127-135. doi:10.5539/GJHS.V10N12P127. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5539/gjhs.v10n12p127
Al-Naggar RA, Chen R. Prevalence of vitamin-mineral supplements use and associated factors among young Malaysians. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev. 2011;12(4):1023-1029. PMID: 21790245.
Mohd Ashri MH, Abu Saad H, Adznam SNΆ. Socio-demographic characteristics, body weight status and energy intake among users and non-users of dietary supplements among government employees in Putrajaya, Malaysia. Nutrients. 2021;13(7):2248. doi: 10.3390/nu13072248. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13072248
Palacios C, Gonzalez L. Is vitamin D deficiency a major global public health problem? J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 2014;144 Pt A:138-145. doi: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2013.11.003. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsbmb.2013.11.003
Clase CM, Ki V, Holden RM. Water-soluble vitamins in people with low glomerular filtration rate or on dialysis: a review. Semin Dial. 2013;26(5):546-567. doi: 10.1111/sdi.12099. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/sdi.12099
Youness RA, Dawoud A, ElTahtawy O, Farag MA. Fat-soluble vitamins: updated review of their role and orchestration in human nutrition throughout life cycle with sex differences. Nutr Metab (Lond). 2022;19:60. doi: 10.1186/s12986-022-00696-y. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12986-022-00696-y
Taylor PN, Davies JS. A review of the growing risk of vitamin D toxicity from inappropriate practice. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2018;84(6):1121-1127. doi: 10.1111/bcp.13573. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/bcp.13573
Radford LT, Bolland MJ, Mason B, Horne A, Gamble GD, Grey A, et al. The Auckland calcium study: 5-year post-trial follow-up. Osteoporos Int. 2014;25(1):297-304. doi: 10.1007/s00198-013-2526-z. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00198-013-2526-z
Wang L, Yin L, Cheng X, Li K, Wang Y, Zhang Y, et al. The association of calcium intake with osteoporotic vertebral fractures in a large Chinese cohort. Aging (Albany NY). 2020;12(6):5500-5515. doi: 10.18632/aging.102974. DOI: https://doi.org/10.18632/aging.102974
Schmitz SM, Lopez HL, Mackay D, Nguyen H, Miller PE. Serious adverse events reported with dietary supplement use in the United States: A 2.5 year experience. J Diet Suppl. 2020;17(2):227-248. doi: 10.1080/19390211.2018.1513109. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/19390211.2018.1513109
Wróbel K, Zastawna B, Milewska AJ, Marczak M, Kozłowski R. Comparison between the american and the european systems of monitoring adverse effects of dietary supplements and their usefulness on the polish market. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2023;20(2):902. doi: 10.3390/ijerph20020902. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20020902
Palmer ME, Haller C, McKinney PE, Klein-Schwartz W, Tschirgi A, Smolinske SC, et al. Adverse events associated with dietary supplements: an observational study. Lancet. 2003;361(9352):101-106. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(03)12227-1. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(03)12227-1
Timbo BB, Chirtel SJ, Ihrie J, Oladipo T, Velez-Suarez L, Brewer V, et al. Dietary supplement adverse event report data from the FDA center for food safety and applied nutrition adverse event reporting system (CAERS), 2004-2013. Ann Pharmacother. 2018;52(5):431-438. doi: 10.1177/1060028017744316. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1060028017744316
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2023 Al-Rafidain Journal of Medical Sciences ( ISSN: 2789-3219 )
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Published by Al-Rafidain University College. This is an open access journal issued under the CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/).
